Disease resistance refers to the ability of a plant to limit or withstand the effects of a pathogen or insect that would cause disease. There are several types of disease resistance in plants, including horizontal and vertical resistance.
Horizontal resistance involves resistance that is effective against some or all races of a pathogen species over a long period of time. This form of resistance is believed to be polygenically inherited and act in an additive manner. Vertical resistance refers to resistance that is controlled by a single gene and is effective against some races of a pathogen, but not others. This resistance tends to break down over time as new pathogen races evolve.
There are two main types of induced resistance in plants: systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR). SAR is associated with accumulation of salicylic acid and pathogenesis-related proteins. It is activated by some pathogens and confers resistance against a broad spectrum of pathogens. ISR involves jasmonate and ethylene signaling and provides resistance against specific pathogens.
Some key benefits of disease resistance in plants include:
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Breeding for disease resistance involves identifying genetic sources of resistance and incorporating those traits into elite lines and cultivars over multiple generations through cross breeding or genetic engineering. This may include introgressing major resistance genes, pyramiding multiple resistance genes, or selecting for partial, quantitative resistance. There are often tradeoffs between disease resistance and other agronomic traits that must be balanced in developing improved varieties.
Some key challenges in breeding for resistance include:
Advanced genomic tools and technologies like marker-assisted selection and genetic engineering are providing new opportunities to more effectively develop crops with enhanced, sustainable disease resistance tailored to specific pathosystems and production environments.
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